Solar Wireless Electric Vehicle Charging System

Solar Wireless Electric Vehicle Charging System

Abstract

This project aims to develop a Solar Wireless Electric Vehicle (EV) Charging System that uses solar energy to wirelessly charge EVs. The system includes solar panels, a battery storage unit, a boost converter, a wireless power transfer unit, and a microcontroller for control and monitoring.

Introduction

Electric vehicles (EVs) are a key component of sustainable transportation. Traditional charging methods require EVs to stop and plug in, which is inconvenient. This project proposes a solar-powered wireless charging system that allows EVs to charge while moving, enhancing efficiency and convenience.

Hardware Specifications

Solar Panels
- Type: Monocrystalline
- Power Output: 300W per panel
- Number of Panels: 4
Battery Storage
- Type: Lithium-Ion
- Capacity: 48V, 100Ah
Wireless Power Transfer Unit
- Transmitter Coil: Copper coil with a diameter of 50 cm
- Receiver Coil: Copper coil integrated into the EV
Boost Converter
- Input Voltage: 12V-24V
- Output Voltage: 48V
Regulatory Circuit
- Components: Voltage regulators, capacitors, resistors
Microcontroller
- Model: Arduino Uno
- Purpose: Control and monitor the charging process

Software Specifications

Programming Language
- Arduino IDE: For microcontroller programming
IOT Integration
- Module: ESP8266
- Purpose: Remote monitoring and control of the charging system
Control Algorithm
- Type: PID (Proportional-Integral-Derivative) controller
- Function: Maintain optimal charging efficiency

System Design

Solar Panels: Convert sunlight into electrical energy.
Battery Storage: Stores the generated electrical energy.
Boost Converter: Steps up the voltage to the required level.
Wireless Power Transfer Unit: Transfers energy wirelessly to the EV.
Microcontroller: Manages the entire system and ensures efficient charging.

Working Principle

The solar panels generate DC power, which is stored in the battery. The boost converter steps up the voltage to the required level for wireless transmission. The transmitter coil generates an electromagnetic field, which is received by the receiver coil in the EV, converting it back to DC power to charge the battery.

Connections and Coding

1. Hardware Requirements:

Solar Panel System:

Solar Panels: To convert sunlight into electricity. The size of the panel depends on the power requirement for charging the EV battery.
Solar Charge Controller: A device that regulates the voltage and current from the solar panels to protect the battery from overcharging.
Inverter: Converts DC power generated by the solar panels into AC power for wireless power transmission.
Battery Storage: A backup energy storage system to store excess energy generated by the solar panels.

Wireless Power Transfer System (WPT):

Transmitting Coil: Connected to the inverter, this coil generates a magnetic field when AC power flows through it.
Receiving Coil: Mounted on the EV, this coil captures the magnetic field and converts it back into electricity to charge the battery.
Resonant Capacitors: Used to create resonance between the transmitter and receiver, optimizing the energy transfer.
Rectifier and Power Conditioner: Converts the AC power from the receiving coil back to DC, suitable for charging the EV’s battery.

Electric Vehicle Components:

Battery Management System (BMS): Monitors the state of charge and protects the battery from overcharge/discharge.
EV Battery: The rechargeable battery system in the EV.

2. Connection of Components:

Solar Panel Setup:
- Solar panels are connected to a charge controller that regulates power flow to prevent overcharging the storage battery.
- The charge controller is connected to an inverter, converting the DC power from the solar panel/battery into AC for the wireless power transfer system.
- The output of the inverter is connected to the transmitting coil of the WPT system.
Wireless Power Transmission:
- The transmitting coil generates a magnetic field when AC current flows through it. This coil is placed under a charging pad.
- The receiving coil, embedded in the EV, captures this magnetic field and generates an AC current.
- This AC is fed into a rectifier and power conditioner to convert it into DC, which is suitable for charging the EV battery.
Battery Charging:
- The BMS connected to the battery monitors the charging process, ensuring the battery is charged within safe limits.
- The BMS communicates with the charging system to stop or regulate the current once the battery reaches full capacity.

3. Coding and Control:

Solar Charge Controller Code:

The controller needs to regulate the input voltage from the solar panel and monitor battery status. A basic example in Arduino would look like this:

int solarPin = A0;  // Pin to read solar panel voltage
int batteryPin = A1;  // Pin to read battery voltage
int relayPin = 8;  // Pin to control charging relay

void setup() {
  pinMode(solarPin, INPUT);
  pinMode(batteryPin, INPUT);
  pinMode(relayPin, OUTPUT);
  Serial.begin(9600);
}

void loop() {
  float solarVoltage = analogRead(solarPin) * (5.0 / 1023.0);
  float batteryVoltage = analogRead(batteryPin) * (5.0 / 1023.0);
  
  Serial.print("Solar Voltage: ");
  Serial.println(solarVoltage);
  Serial.print("Battery Voltage: ");
  Serial.println(batteryVoltage);

  if (solarVoltage > 12.0 && batteryVoltage < 14.4) {  // Set threshold for charging
    digitalWrite(relayPin, HIGH);  // Start charging
  } else {
    digitalWrite(relayPin, LOW);  // Stop charging
  }

  delay(1000);
}

Wireless Charging System Code:

The wireless charging control can involve monitoring the power levels, coupling efficiency, and charging status. A simplified control could be achieved using microcontrollers like Arduino or Raspberry Pi to manage relays or switches.

int transmitPower = A0;  // Transmitting coil power
int receivedPower = A1;  // Received coil power in EV
int chargerStatus = 8;  // Charger status LED

void setup() {
  pinMode(transmitPower, INPUT);
  pinMode(receivedPower, INPUT);
  pinMode(chargerStatus, OUTPUT);
  Serial.begin(9600);
}

void loop() {
  float transmitVoltage = analogRead(transmitPower) * (5.0 / 1023.0);
  float receivedVoltage = analogRead(receivedPower) * (5.0 / 1023.0);

  Serial.print("Transmitting Power: ");
  Serial.println(transmitVoltage);
  Serial.print("Received Power: ");
  Serial.println(receivedVoltage);

  if (receivedVoltage > 5.0) {  // Example threshold to indicate charging success
    digitalWrite(chargerStatus, HIGH);  // Indicate successful charging
  } else {
    digitalWrite(chargerStatus, LOW);
  }

  delay(1000);
}

4. Considerations:

Efficiency: Wireless charging is less efficient than wired charging. Ensuring the coils are aligned properly and using resonant inductive coupling will improve efficiency.
Safety: Make sure to implement safety measures like auto shutoff when the EV is fully charged to avoid overheating or overcharging.
Power Rating: Size the components correctly to ensure the system can handle the power requirements of the EV’s battery.

Conclusion

This Solar Wireless Electric Vehicle Charging System provides a sustainable and efficient solution for EV charging. By integrating solar power and wireless technology, it eliminates the need for stopping at charging stations, making EVs more convenient and environmentally friendly.

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